Contrastive Study of Sentence Structure Between English and Buginese
ABSTRACT
Nec.com -This research is about contrastive study of sentence structure between English and Buginese. The problem statements of this research are: (1) How are the forms of sentence structure in English and Buginese? and (2) What are the differences between sentence structure in English and Buginese?. The method used is the library method and the technique is descriptive analysis. It aims to provide a real description of the syntactic forms of both languages. This research is intended: (1) To know the sentence structure in English and Buginese and (2) To know the differences of English and Buginese sentence structure. The research begins to discuss the large to the small part; syntax to word, in order to know the sentence elements in general and to be able to recognize the sentence patterns of English and Buginese. The result of this research has shown that there are differences between sentence structure in English and Buginese, such as: (1) the forms of the subject and predicate position in English differ from Buginese, (2) in helping predicate of English is known as verb while in Buginese does not own it, (3) the verb of English sentence will change because of the tenses and there is no changing verb in Buginese, and (4) subject verb agreement only applies in English sentence.
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
In addition of
national language in Indonesia, there is
also known as international and local language. International language is used
around the world as international business, technology, science, and academy.
Then, Local language is used in homes and marketplaces of a community to differ
from a national or international language.
English becomes
one of an international language. It is learnt in some
schools as obligates subject that has been made the national exam in Indoneia. Besides that, English
is also a requirement to apply for colleges in domestic and abroad. Therefore,
English is a popular language in domestic society.
Prof. Dadang Sunendar
is head of the development
agency for language development of
the ministry of culture education said;in 2017, Indonesia has 652 kinds of local languages.[2] Buginese
language is one of them that includes local language is used in South Sulawesi.
It has large speakers which are 2.500.000 people that spread in some places
such as Bone,
Soppeng,
Wajo, Sinjai, Pare-pare, Pangkep, Barru, Bulukumba, and Maros.[3] It
is also made one of language that taught in those regions.
People, who are in the hinterland in South Sulawesi,
get the difficulty
to learn English because there are several reasons. The first, many people do
not understand other languages expect Buginese in speech. It is caused that
they always use Buginese then national language in their area. Second,
inadequate education also becomes the factor of the difficulty to learn
English. Third, the finances are insufficient to get a decent education
especially English subject that only learnt in formal schools.
In learning, many learners from Buginese make possible errors in forming
simple sentences. The example is mtiRondi
(Matinroi
Nadi) which
in English is Nadi
sleeps, but for students who do not understand how a simple sentence formation
will say "sleeps Nadi" because they consider the word sleepsas a synonym of mtiRo (Matinro) in Buginese. The example shows that
English and Buginese have different ways of forming sentences. These differences will make it difficult for them who study the
languages.
The researcher is interested to discuss in this paper on
the contrastive
analysis of sentence structure in English and Buginese, the discussion is
expected to find aspects of the differences between two languages. English and Buginese
teachers make the comparison results as a basic for analysis in predicating the
difficulties faced by students and preparing the material that will be
presented to the students who are studying the language. Foreigners who come to
South Sulawesi for learning the cultures
use this paper to know the local language.
B. Problem
Statement
Based on
the limitation of the background, the researcher formulated the problem as follows:
1. How are the forms of sentence
structure in English and Buginese?
2. What are the differences between
sentence structure in English and Buginese?
C.
Operational
Definition
There are some terms in the title of
this research, they are as follow:
-
Contrastive is showing the differences between two things.[4]
-
Study is the activity of examining a subject in detail order
to discover new information.[5]
-
Sentence is a group of words that express a statement,
question, and exclamation, while the structure is an arrangement or organization; the way
in which parts are formed into a whole.[6]
-
English is language that is spoken in the
Unite Kingdom, the United States, and many other countries.[7]
-
Buginese is derived language by tribe of Bugis
in South Sulawesi.[8]
After
showing the terms of the title above, it can be understood that this research
compared English and Buginese to know the different forms of sentence both of
the languages.
D. Objective
and Significant of the Research
Considering
the formulation of the problem statement, the objectives of the paper are arranged
as follows:
1. To explain the sentence structure
form in English and Buginese.
2. To describe the differences between
sentence structure in English and Buginese.
The significances of the research are expected:
1. Theoretically,
the result of the study is expected
to be useful to know the differences of sentence structure in English and Buginese.
2.
Practically, the research is
expected to be one of the sources of knowledge and information to all people
related. They are:
a. Significant
for the learners
This
research will help the language learners who are studying English and Buginese,
to know the sentence elements both languages.
b. Significant
for the teachers
This
research can help the English and Buginese teachers to apply these languages by
comparing each other, especially the students who could not understand the
Indonesian well in the village.
E. Previous
Related Research Finding
Many
researchers had
reported comparison languages to make it easy to be learned by students, some researchers’
findings are cited concisely below:
Fitrotul Ainurrohman in her research “Kalimat Perbandingan Dalam Bahasa Arab Dan Bahasa Inggris Serta Metode
Pengajaran (Perspective Analysis Contrastive)” in 2013, the result of the research has shown some results:a). The
structures of Arabic and English sentence have the same form of the comparative
sentence; positive, comparative, and superlative. However, in Arabic, the
comparison of positive does not use Isim
tafdil, but using tasybiah. b).
The suitable methods for the teaching of comparative sentence consume Parcial
Approach by using the operational method; dual-language method and
grammar-translation method.[9]
Prof.
Dr. Asem Shehadeh Ali in his research “The Verbal System
of Malay and Arabic: Contrastive Analysis” in 2013, the
result of the research has shown the differences between two languages are in the subject
of present tense, future, verb agreement, and passive voice and active voice.[10]
Ikhwan Fadhila Fitri in his research “Contrastive
Study of Sentence Structure between English and Arabic” in 2015,
the
result of the research has shown that there are similarities and differences
between sentence structure in English and Arabic, such as the similarity both English
and Arabic get a change in the verb form. The difference of the
predicate in Arabic can be Isim and Fi’il/verb while in English, it is only
a verb.[11]
Bahram Kazemian & Somayyeh Hashemi in their research “A Contrastive Linguistic Analysis of
Inflectional Bound Morphemes of English, Azerbaijani, and Persian Languages: A
Comparative Study” in 2014, the result of the research is The results
reveal that there are more variations in inflections in Azerbaijani than
English or Persian; they share several common properties and some inequalities.
English and Persian represent irregularities in terms of plurality for nouns
and affixation for verbs; Azeri combines many inflections into each category as
well. The difference is the main source of difficulty for native Azeri or Persian speakers to
learn English and vice versa.[12]
Andi Fatimah Yunus in her research: “Analisis
Kontrastif Bahasa Bugis dan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Bidang Morfologi” in 2016, the result of
the research has indicated some results:[13]
a.
The differences form of morpheme in Buginese
and Indonesian contain in free morphome : Buginese morphome ends with vowels
except “e”, while consonants do not
end free morphomes except “ng and q (glottal)”. Indonesian morpheme are
ended by all of vowels and consonant except “q and x, b used by prefix and
suffix”.
b.
The clitification patterns of differences Buginese and indonesian are found in traditional proclitic uses na- and ta-.
c.
The differences in reduplication patterns in Buginese and Indonesian are
found in partial reduplication and reduplication impact.
d.
The differences in compounding both of two languages,
Buginese whose first element consists of several basic words and the second element in the form of a
compounded word that begins with ma-.
Firotul Ainurrohman, Prof.
Dr. Asem Shehadeh Ali, and Ikhwan
Fadhila Fitri compared English and Arbic also used descriptive analysis, Bahram Kazemian & Somayyeh Hashemi compare infectional bound
morphemes in three langauges, and Andi Fatimah Yunusalso compared morphology in Buginese
and Indonesian, while my reserach compares English and Buginese.
F.
Conceptual
Framework
The
researcher formulated
the conceptual framework which was
needed before doing research for reaching the goals of the research.
|
Sentence
Structure
|
|
Differences
|
|
Supporting
Elements
|
|
Buginese Sentence Structure
|
|
English
Sentence Structure
|
The conceptual framework of the research
was begun from sentence structure by flattening the sentencestructure of
English and Buginese and
identifying
the supporting elements
both of the two languages
to know the difference of those
languages.
G.
Methodology
of the Research
1. Research Method
In this method, the researcher applied the library research because the data used in
completing research came
from available literature.
The main focus in this literature research was to provide an understanding of the
differences about the sentence structure of English and Buginese. This study used qualitative approach design that
included the series of systematic activities to answer the problem of the
proposed research.
2. Data
and Source of Data
The
method that researcher used
in this study was the library method.
So, the researcher
used :
a.
The primary data
was used to collect information by book, article, and journal.
b.
The secondary
data was utilized to receive information by people how are experts from each of
these languages.
3. Procedure
of Collecting Data
The first, the
researcher searched the data on English and Buginese from various sources available
from both articles, books, journals, and expersts. Then, continuing to analyze
the datas that had been collected. The final stage was to classify the two
languages as identifying the differences of the sentence structure English and
Buginese.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
The
sentence structure of English and Buginese
was
analyzed by
descriptive techniques and content analysis. The descriptive technique was
intended to provide a real description
of the syntactic forms of those languages. The analysis
was begun
by
identifying then
classifying the both languanges structures that had been collected. The last step was done
by determining the differences of English and Buginese
sentence structure.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE OF REVIEW
Sentence structure
is formed from certain elements, starting with the smallest things up to complete
sentence. In this study, researcher will
present the elements
that are classified as making sentences starting from syntax, sentence, clause,
phrase, and word.
A. Syntax
In
linguistics, syntax comes from Ancient Greek that means “arrangement”. It is
combination between “together” and “an ordering”.[14] Syntax refers to the rules that assembles the words to
be phrases, clauses, and sentences. Based on limitation,
knowable that sentence is a biggest unit in syntax and every language has
syntax rule aloof that can not just like that applied in other language.[15]
Syntax is the
study about word combination patterns to form sentence. Based on that opinion,
it is perceivable that contains of three main aspects in syntax, those are word
as smallest element, sentence as biggest element, and patterns as the sentence
arrangement rule.
As part of linguistics,
syntax contributes to students to know the components necessitated in the formation
of sentences. Just like sentence structure that possesses different
components in each arrangement. In Buginese sentence, mEedai ndi (meddei
Nadi) has
different sentence patterns with Nadi
goes in English. The difference between two sentences lies in the positions S and V. Therefore, it
is important for students to know the role of syntax in language.
From the limitations
that are proposed by linguists, we can state that syntax is a part of grammar
that has
the character of word combinations
become grammatical
unit that larger ones in the form of phrase, clause, and sentence. On the other
hand, syntax is a
grammar branch that talks about sentence structures, clauses, and phrases. Syntax is concerned with the way are
combined to form sentences. Syntax deals with the way words combine to form
sentences.
B. Sentence
A sentence
is
the unit that spans from the beginning capital letter and concluded by full stop.[16]
In writing, a capital letter is always used to commence a sentence, and has
form subject (S),
predicate (P), and surceases full stop: end mark (.), interrogative mark (?),
and exclamatory mark (!). The sentence has many forms: simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound and complex sentence.
The sentence consists of 5 elements namely: subject,
predicate, object, complement, and adverb. Some of them usually exist in every formation.[17]
1. Subject
A subject is the
sentence or clause part or that
commonly indicates what it is about or who or what performs the action. It is also called the principal of sentence.
2. Predicate
The predicate is the sentence or clause
part that expressed by the subject. Usually, the use of predicates depends on
languages. Some languages have a different form about the predicate because
many languages have a different form.
3. Object
An object is where an action of the verb
that affects a noun, pronoun, noun phrase, preposition phrase, and noun clause.
4.
Complement
Complement is the part of the sentence
that focuses on explaining or completing a subject or object.
5. Adverb
The functions of an adverb in the sentence are to
the description and occur for showing the time, place, and manner.
The researcher will show the sentence of
each language:
1. English
Sentence
In English sentence, there are some classifications, namely:
a.
In purpose, sentences are classified as declarative, interrogative, command and exclamation sentences.[18]
1)
A declarative
sentence is a sentence that states imperative and statements sentence, and
usually used in positive as well as negative sentence.
The example:
My
brother will come tomorrow.
2)
An interrogative
sentence is a sentence that used to created question and can be made more one
way.
a)
Yes, No question (the Auxiliary or Helping verb is placed before the subject.)
The example:
· Do
you speak Buginese?
· Can
you take my book?
b)
The sentence begins with an interrogative word.
The example:
·
Who speaks Buginese?
·
What can I take
for you?
3)
An imperative
sentence is sentences that include the sentence of the petition and pray.
The example:
·
Please help me!
·
Don’t be lazy!
4)
Exclamatory sentence is a sentence expressing
exclamation or spontaneous speech of wonder, amazement, shock, and sadness. The example:
·
How beautiful
she is!
·
What nice house
you have!
b.
Based on the structure, sentences are classified into
three parts.[19]
1)
The first part
is a simple sentence that
has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. It has only one subject
and one verb.
The example:
·
She came to my
home.
·
She invited me
to walk around.
2)
The second part
is a compound sentence
that has two or more independent
clauses but no
subordinate clauses.
The example:
·
She came to my
home and invited me to walk around.
·
The cat hunts the mice and eats them.
3)
The third is a complex sentence that has one independent clause and at least one subordinate
clause.
The example:
·
After she took
bath, she came to my home.
·
Anto types the letter when his mother sweeps the floor.
4)
The fourth is a compound-complex sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
The example:
·
After she took
bath, she
came to my home and invited me to walk around.
·
When the seller passed in front of my house, I took money
and called him to stop in.
c. The
sentence has form of active voice and passive voice.[20]
1) Active
voice is the sentence that the subject is doing action work or deed.
The
example:
·
My father takes
my book.
·
Biah loves them.
2) Passive
voice is a sentence in which the subject is subjected to work of action or
deed.
The
example:
·
My book is taken
by my father.
·
The printer was fixed.
d.
According to its predicate, sentences are classified as nominal and verbal.[21]
1)
Nominal sentence is a sentence of which predicate is to be.
The example:
·
Jane is my sister.
·
Your books are in my
bag.
2)
Verbal sentence is a sentence of which predicate is a verb. The predicate
shows an activity in the sentence.
The example:
·
We go to school
every day.
·
They played football
last week.
2. Buginese
Sentence
In Buginese sentence, there are some
classifications as positive and negative, the sentence bases on the number and
type of clause, the sentence bases on actor-pivot, and the sentence bases on
the type of response.[22]
a. Sentence
bases on the presence or absence of a negative element.
1) The
positive sentence is a sentence that does not contain a negative element or denial.
The example:
·
aEKn
esw aEso, nlao mtEb aju ri wiri sloea.
Engkana
seuwa esso, nalao matebbang aju ri wiring saloe.
(One day, he went to cut down wood in the river.)
·
mjmai bia ri NEC.
Majamai Biah ri NEC.
(Biah works in NEC).
2) A
negative sentence is marked negative element or denial by using ed (dék) or tnia
(tania).
The example:
·
tnia
auwesmu aiaea auwes aulwEEeG.
Taniauwasému
iaé uwasé ulawengngé
(This gold ax is not yours.)
·
ed
mumlEPu pd peR ajuea.
Dék
mumalempu pada panré ajué.
(You are not as honest as the
carpenter.)
b. The
sentence bases on the numbers
and types of the clause.
1) A
single sentence is a sentence that consists of an independent clause and there is not the dependent clause,
but contains the information.
The
example:
bco mkit-kit ri
aw bolea.
Baco
Makita-kitari
awa bolae.
(Baco looks around under the house.)
2) A
complex sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
The
example:
aj munp lri tsiaPo
nerko mEKliGko sd.
Ajak munappa lari tassiampo narékko
méngkalingako sadda.
(Do not run around when you hear a
sound.)
3) A
compound sentence is a sentence that formed by two or more independent clauses.
The
example:
tElu tauG
mmusu cpu tEtrku n kplku.
Tellu taungngak mammusu cappu tentaraku na kappalaku.
(I warred for 3 years, my soldiers and warships were shattered.)
c. The
sentence bases on actor-pivot.
When viewed in terms of the nature of
the relationship of actors, the sentence can be distinguished into two kinds. The two types of the sentence are:
1) An
active sentence can be classified as an active sentence if the element that
serves as the subject acts as an actor. The act is expressed by the element
that serves as a predicate. It is divided into active transitive and passive
transitive.
The
example:
·
lndi
mtEb aju wEni riaolo.
La Nadi mattebang aju
wenni riolo.
(Nadi
cut the wood last night.)
·
mtiRoai aRin aibEdu
nmEdu no ritnea.
Matinroi anrinna Ibeddu
namedduk no ritanaẻ.
(Beddu’s
sister slept and fell to the ground.)
2) A
passive sentence is the sentence that the subject of passive acts as the
object.
The
example:
·
po kluku ntEb l ndi.
Pong kaluku natebbang
La Nadi.
(Coconut
tree is cut by Nadi.)
·
bo arukisE naEli l
bia ri psea.
Bo’ arukiseng naelli la Biah ri pasae.
(the written book is bought by Biah in the market)
d. The
sentence based on types of response.
Response sentence is the response of the
person who is invited to speak or the second person. This sentence is divides
into three parts.
1) Ada
Kareba (news sentence) is a
sentence whose contents provide an event or a state.
The
example:
mkuaniro
apoelGEn nerko tomkutu-kutu msikol.
Makkuaniro
apoléngenna narékko tomakkutu-kuttu massikolah.
(That is the source if we are lazy to go to school.)
2) Ada
Pakkutana
(interrogative sentence) is sentence that used to ask someone in society.
The
example:
nig
asE riaeln kjao llido?
Niga
aseng rialéna Kajao Laliddong?
(What is Kajao Laliddong’s personal
name?)
3) Ada
Passuro
(imperative sentence) is a sentence that contains someone’s command to other.
The
example:
bukai tGEea.
Bukkai tangee’!
(You are first!)
C. Clause
Clause
is usually defined as group of the words containing a subject and a verb.[23]
The clause is usually used in complex or compound sentence.
The
kinds of clauses:[24]
1. English clause
The
English clause has two parts. They are called independent clause and dependent
clause. Although both of them stand subject and predicate, not all of clauses
can express a complete thought. Independent clause could be written as separate sentences
and it can stand by itself. The clause that can separate itself is dependent
clause.
a.
Independent
clause (IC) is a main clause that has clear meaning, and can stand by itself
without other clause.
The example:
·
My brother is
teaching English.
·
The flowers is watered by Asbiah.
b.
Dependent clause
(DC) is one which is not complete sentence but which performs a single function
in sentence. It has three kinds of clause. They are noun clause, adjective
clause, and adverb clause.
1) Noun clause is as its name implies a
noun clause function as noun. It can be a subject, object, and object of
preposition.
a) As subject
Whose
man is teaching English
is my brother.
b) As object
I
do not know whose pen that Beddu is using.
c) As object of preposition
I
am afraid of what you hold.
2) Adjective
clause is a clause that functioned as adjective which explains noun and
pronoun.
The examples:
·
I have read the
book that you just took.
·
The book that
she reads is very good.
3) Adverb
Clause is clause that used as adverb, and explain verb.
The example:
·
He went when
I took bath.
·
When you arrive tomorrow, I will pick you up.
The explanation above, dependent clause can be seen that its unclear meaning when
puts in sentences without independent clause.
2. Clause in Buginese
Buginese
clauses are classified into three sections:
a. Klausa Nomina (noun clause) is clause that nomina
(noun) predicate.
The example:
boln
l ndi bol aju.
Bolana La Nadi bola aju.
(Nadi’s house is a wooden house.)
b. Klausa
Verba (verbal clause) is phrase that the
predicate as verba (verb).
The example:
spuni
nlir-lir tn boen.
Sappuni nalirak-lirak tana Bone.
(Bone area has been explored
entirely.)
c. Klausa Numera (numeral clause) is phrase that the
predicate as adjectiva (adjective).
The example:
dua
boln l ndi.
Duabolana la Nadi.
(Nadi has two houses.)
D. Phrase
Phrase
is the combination of the words that hasmeaning, not form subject and
predicate. [25]
In syntax, phrase may be described in terms of the kinds or classes of word
arranged relative to each other.[26]
So it means, phrase is a group of words or single word that forms
element and so function as a single unit in the syntax
of a sentence.
1.
Phrases in
English
The ordinary phrase in English has five phrases,
they are noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adjective phrase (AP), adverb
phrase (AVP), and prepositional phrase (PP).
a. Noun
phrase is composed potentially in three parts of noun phrase. The first part is
head that is obligatory in this phrase. The second is pre-modifier and
sometimes followed by the third part is post-modifier.
The
example:
·
The old car at
home
is mind.
·
The lovely girl that sits on the grass helped me yesterday.
b. In
verb phrase all the elements are verb of kind or another. The verb phrase
contains one ordinary verb as a head and also may have four auxiliary verbs,
beside negative word not as modifier. The ordinary verb always in the last
element is verb phrase.
The
example:
·
Your book may
not have been being taken by my mother.
·
She will come here tomorrow.
c. As
the name suggest, adjective phrase has as its head adjective. As with noun
phrase and verb phrase may be both pre-modifier and post modifier. In adjective
phrase, pre-modifier may be by adverb (adverb of degree: rather, very..ect).
The post- modifier in adjective phrase is always called complement of the
adjective.
The
example:
·
My friend is very
enthusiasticabout his latest idea.
·
So generous man is my
father.
d. Adverb
phrase also has as its head is adverb. In this phrase, only pre-modifier is
found and post modifier is not used in this post-modifier. Especially
pre-modifier, adverb becomes to modifier itself.
The example:
·
He walks very quickly.
·
That is often
enough beautiful.
e. Prepositional phrase is unlike any
of other types of phrases. It does not own head, pre-modifier, and
post-modifier. The preposition is always in front of the phrase and the siting
of words after preposition possesses the object of preposition that is noun,
pronoun, noun phrase, and noun clause.
The example:
·
My brother sits on the chair that I bought last year.
·
The book on the
tableis taken by my friend.
2. Phrases
in Buginese
In Buginese, the Buginese phrase has the
immediate element that serves as head, attribute, and mark. The Phrase is
divided into phrase endocentric construction and phrase exocentric
construction.[27]
a. Phrase
endocentric construction has same function as any or all of direct elements. According
the nature of the relationship between the direct elements of taste can be classified
between phrase subtype endocentric construction attribute, subtype of
endocentric contraction, and subtype phenotype of appositive endocentric
construction.
1) Phrase subtype attributive
endocentric construction of its elemental element has the same function and one
of the direct elements. One of which function as core or center while the other
elements serve as attributes.
The example:
·
an kod earo.
Anak koda ẻro (nakoda itu)
(The captain)
·
tuli ml.
Tuli mala
(Always take)
The
phrase above, the researcher concludes thatphrase subtype endocentric
construction attribute may precede attribute element or otherwise.
2) Phrase subtype of coordinated
endocentric construction, direct elements own the same function, its immediate
elements serve as head or center. The form of this phrase can be nomina and
nomina (noun and noun), verba and verba (verb and verb), adjectiva and adjectva
(adjective and adjective), and numaralia and numaralia (number and number). The
combination of the elements can be form by konjunsi (conjunction) or not.
The example:
·
etdo sibw ebeb.
Tédong sibawa bémbék
(Buffalo and
goat)
·
mlopon mteR.
Malloppo namatanré
(Big and tall)
·
jop yerg lri.
Joppa yaréga lari
(Walk or run)
3) Phrase subtype construction of
appositive endocentricconstruction is classified into two direct elements that
serve as principal and amplifier. The element that serves as the principle amplifier
both are the core elements of the phrase.
The example:
·
pua
pun lkain pua
sumir.
Puang Punna lakkainna Puang Sumira.
(Mr. Punna is
Mrs. Sumira’s husband.)
·
ndi aEpon pua bet.
Nadi ẻppona Puang Batte.
(Nadi is Mr. Batte‘s grandchild.)
b. Phrase
exocentric construction
In Buginese language, the phrase is difference then phrase
endocentric construction
because this type does not have acore and attributive. However, the direct
element uses functioned as directive and axis. Based on its directive, it is
distinguished on the preposisional (prepositional) and kunjuktif (conjunction)
directive.
1) Preposition directive
The example:
aoai bpku ri sloea
Laoi
bapakku ri saloe
(My father is in river)
2) Conjunction directive
The example:
nerko
ritEbGi aju earo
Narẻko
ritebbangngi aju ẻro
(If the
wood is cut down)
E.
Word
The
traditional ways for analyzing the sentence was known as parsing or identifying
the sentence.[28]
The word classes play an important role in this case. The word is single unit
of language that has meaning and can be spoken and written.[29]
1. Word in English
The
English word classes can be referred to the part of speech. It divides into two
types, they are open classes and close classes. These terms refer to the member
of the classes.[30]
a. Open classes are noun, verb,
adjective, and adverb.
1) Noun is used to name the objects
either concrete or abstract.
·
Abstract Noun =
air, love, voice, mind
·
Concrete Noun =
book, school, home, sugar
2) Verb is the word that indicates
existence of an activity and condition.
·
Activity = take, sing, eat, drink
·
Condition =
understand, think, love, realise
3) Adjective is the word used to
describe and limits the noun and pronouns.
The example:
- Honest - Small - Black
- Good -
Cold - Indonesian
4) Adverb is a word that used to
describe verb, adjective, other adverb, and whole the sentence.
The example:
- So - Fluently -Very
- Everywhere - Here - Suddenly
b. Close classes are pronoun, numeral,
determiner, preposition, and conjunction.
1) Pronoun is word that used to replace
the noun.
The
example:
- I
- She -
Each other
- You -
We -
Someone
2) Numeral has two types. They are
ordinal and cardinal.
The example:
·
Ordinal = first, second, third, fourth, and so
on.
·
Cardinal = one, two, three, four etc.
3) Determiner is the class of the words
that are used with noun and has function of defining the reference of the noun
the some way. The class divides into board groups. They are identifier and
quantifier.
a) Identifier includes the members of
article, possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective.
The example:
·
Article : A - An – The
·
Possesive
Adjective : My - Your - Their -
Our
·
Demosntrative
Adjective : This - That - These -
Those
b) Quantifier includes indefinite
pronoun.
The example:
- Few - Several
- Lot of - So on
4) Preposition is word placed before
noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause.
The example:
- On - Of - In
- For - At - Above
5) Conjunction is word used to connect
between words, phrases, and sentences.
The example:
- And - Nor - But
- Or - For - Yet
2. Word in Buginese
The
word in Buginese language can be divided as nomina (noun), verba (verb),
adjectiva (adjective), and function word.[31]
a.
Nomina(noun) is word to name the things.
The example:
- piso - glu
Piso (knife) Galung (rice field)
- bol -
aes
Bola (house/home) Ase
(rice)
b.
Pronomina(pronoun)
is the word that refers to nomina. The function of pronomina can be sat as
subject, object.
The example:
- aia - aidi
Iyak
(I) Idi ’(you)
- aiaro -
aiatu
Iyaro (That) Iyatu (This)
- ag -
nig / aig
Aga (What) Niga/Iga (Who/Whom)
c. Verba (verb) is word that expresses
action or deed.
The example:
- lao -mguru
Lao
(go) Magguru (study)
- ml -
tud
Mala (take) Tudang (sit)
d. Adjectiva (adjective) is a word that
states the state of an object.
The example:
- mpcE - mridi
Mapacẻ
(good) Maridi (yellow)
- mpci -
mloto
Mapaccing (clean) Malotong (black)
e.
Numeralia(numeral)
is a word that is used to stating number and ladder the things which are people, animals and all things that becomes
countable. Numaralia has two kinds, that are cardinal number and ordinal
number.
The example
·
Cardinal number
:
- nolo (nolo) - esdi (seddi),
- dua (dua) - tElupulo (telluppulo)
- sirtu (siratu) - etc.
·
Ordinal number
:
- pmuln (pammulanna)
- mduam (madduana)
- mlimpulon(mallimappulona)
- msirtun esdi (massiratuna seddi), ect.
f. Function word is all the word that
belongs to a class of secondary words. They are divided into word classes thatstand alone.
The example:
- br -
gK
Bara
(so that) Gangka
(to)
- tko -
aiakia
/ naiakia
Takko
(suddenly) Iakia/naiakia (but)
- kp
Kapang
(perhaps)
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
A.
The Form of Sentence Structure in English and Buginese
In each sentence structure consists of series words to
build the perfect meaning. That also possesses the general form known as
subject + predicate and ended by punctuation mark. The specific forms of
English and Buginese will be explained soon.
Before discussing more about the forms of English
and Buginese, the researcher is going to review a bit about the elements of
sentence that exist in previous chapter. The basic elements of sentence are subject and predicate,
and it is usually
equipped with other elements such as object, description and complement.
1. Thesentence elements in English and Buginese
a. Subject
1) English
Ø Noun
- Rinahunts her dog.
rinnepepGi asun.
Rina napeppengi asunna.
- The coffe is delicious.
mNmEGi kopiea.
Mayamengngi kopie.
Ø Pronoun
- Someone
looked for you yesterday.
nspki tauea dEwEini.
Nasappakitaue dewenni.
- She
is my sister.
aeln pdkuRaiku.
Alenapadakunraiku.
Ø Noun Phrase
- My mother will go to the market.
ealoai lok aEmku ri psea.
Eloi lokka emmaku ri pasae.
- The bag is on the table.
aEKai tsEaE riasEn emjeG.
Engkai tase’e riasenna mejange.
Ø Noun Clause
- The coffee grows in Brasil is
well known to all.
aiaro kopi tuaoea ri bErsilE
naisE mnE tauea.
Iaro kopi tuoe ri Brasil
naisseng maneg taue
- What
he said is true.
ag npau aiaro tauea coco mnE.
Aga napau iaro taue coco maneng.
2) Buginese
Ø Nomina (Noun)
-enenku pdK.
Nenekku padangkang
My grandmother
is marketer.
- meR ebp to mtoaea.
Mannre beppa to matoae.
The
old man eats cake.
Ø Pronomina (Pronoun)
-aeln guruku
Alena gurukku
She
is my teacher.
- aiy an sikol.
Iya ana sikola.
I am
a student.
Ø Frasa Nomina (Noun Phrase)
- motoro bru n pek aRiku.
Motoro baru na pake anriku.
The
new motorcycle is riden by my young sister.
- pao ts
naiet ndi.
Pao tasa naitte Nadi.
The
ripe mango is taken by Nadi.
Ø Klausa Nomina (Noun Clause)
- suruji bpn sudi lao ri bolku.
Suruji bapakna Sudi lao ri bolaku.
Suruji
is Sudi’s father goes to my home.
- bol aju nkEbuea deaku liw gElo.
Bola aju nakkebue daengku liwa gello.
My
brother made the wood home is very good.
b. Predicate
1) In English
Ø Verb
-My wife is clever.
baienku mc.
Baineku macca.
- I buy something to eat
mElik ag-ag mealok meRai.
Mellika aga-aga maeloka manrei.
2) In Buginese
Ø Adjectiva (Adjective)
- mcino auwearo.
Macinnonguwae ero.
The
water is clear.
- sugi sEn tomtoaku.
Sugi senna tamatoakku.
My
parents are so rich.
Ø Nomina (Noun)
- aboku polisi.
Ambokku polisi.
My
father is police.
-aiaro doePku.
Iaro dompeku.
That is my wallet.
Ø Verba (Verb)
- meRai bel emaoeGro.
Manrei bale meong ero.
The
cat eatsa fish.
- mtiwiki auti enen earo
Mattiwiki utti nenek ero.
The
grandmother bringsthe banana.
Ø Numeralia (Numeral)
- duabw bolku.
Dua bawang bolaku.
I only have two houses.
- ecdi bw lopiku.
Ceddi bawang lopikku.
I only have one boat.
c.
Object
1) In English
Ø Noun
- My mother is cooking rice.
aEmku mnsu neR.
Emmaku mannasu nannre.
- I have boiled the water.
Purk mnsu auwea.
Puraka mannasu uwae.
Ø Pronoun
- My brother will meet someone.
mealoai sirutu pdaoroaenku sibw
tauea.
Maeloi sirunntu padaoroaneku sibawa taue.
- I love her.
mpojik riaeln.
Mappojika rialena.
Ø Noun Phrase
- I like his sister.
mpojik lao ri aRin.
Mappojika lao ri anrinna.
- Ana borrows my new book.
naiREGi bo bruku an.
Nainrengi bo’ baru ku Ana.
Ø Noun clause
- I know the coffee grows in
Brazil.
aiy auwisE kopiearo tuaoai ri
bersilE.
Iyak uwisseng kopiero tuoi ri
Brazil.
- I do not know how he will get the money.
ed auwisEGi mg crn nauel rutu
doai.
Dek uwissengngi maga carana
naulle runntu doi.
2) In Buginese
Ø Nomina (Noun)
-
emao lElu belsu.
Meong lellung balesu.
Cat hounds the mouse.
-
ed nainu kopi l timusu.
Dek nainung kopi La Timusu.
La Timusu does not drink the coffee.
Ø Fasa Nomina (Noun Phrase)
-
ndi mdoro motoro.
Nadi ma ddoro motoro.
Nadi washesthe the motorcycle.
-
aEmku mEli bju kemj.
Emmaku melli baju kameja.
My mother buys shirt.
Ø Klausa nomina (Noun Clause)
-
ppertea btuai dua tau ksiasi mbli bola.
Papparentae bantui dua tau
kasiasi mabbali bola.
The goverment helps two poormanwho are neighbors.
-
ed auwisEGi mg crn btuai tau tlEpoea.
Dek uwissenggi maga carana
bantui tau tallepoe.
I do not know how to help that has got an accident.
d. Complement
1) In English
Ø Adjective
-
She feels happy.
msEnGi mkuRaiea.
Masennangi makkunraie
-
The pencil is blue
mgwu potoloearo.
Magawu potoloero.
Ø Adjective Phrase
-
She appears very beautiful.
aiaro mkuRaiea mbElo ldE.
Iaro makkunraie mabello laddek.
-
mgrEt bpku.
Magaretta bapakku.
My father looks very handsome.
Ø Noun
-
You turn liar.
tEtE motoki pbEel.
Tette motokki pabbelleng.
-
You are best.
aidi mop jgo.
Idi’ mopa jago.
Ø Noun Phrase
-
Your daughterbecomes a big girl.
anmu mcji an dr loponi.
Annamu mancaji anak dara
lopponi.
-
My aunt is a widow.
jd mopi amuerku.
Janda mopi amureku.
Ø Adverb
-
Icong are here.
aEKai aico koeN.
Engkai Icong konye.
-
She is there.
aEKa aiaro koRo.
Engkai iaro konro.
2) In Buginese
Ø Nomina (Noun)
-
aiaro riasE bol aju.
Iaro riaseg bola aju.
That is wood house.
-
wErE mcpi neR.
Were
mancaji nanre.
Rice becomes a rice.
Ø Adjectiva (Adjective)
-
bjun audi mric.
Bajunna
udding marica.
Udding’s clothes are wet.
-
kopiea mrs mpai.
Kopie
marasa mapai.
The coffee tastes bitter.
e. Adverb
1) In English
Ø Adverb
-
My brother studieshard.
mtoGE-toGEGi mguru pd
aoroaenku.
Matongeng-tongenggimagguru pada
oroaneku.
-
Yesterday, I met someone
special.
dEwEni, sirutuk sibw tau
mlEbiea.
Deweni, sirunntuka sibawa tau
malebbie.
Ø Prepositional Phrase
-
I read the book in my room.
mbck bo-bo di eptku.
Mabbacaka bo’-bo’ di peta’ku.
-
My sister is buying a book in
the book store.
mEliki bobo an drku di pblu
bo-boea.
Melliki bo’bo’ ana darakku di
pabbalu bo’-bo’e.
2) In Buginese
Ø Adverbial(Adverb)
-
aiwEni, lokai aEmku ml aju.
Iwenni, lokkai emmaku mala aju.
Last night, my mother went to take a wood.
-
bpku troai bo-boea ri boln.
Bapaku taroi bo’-bo’e ri bolana.
My father puts the book in his house.
2. The forms of sentence structure in English and
Buginese
a. English[32]
1)
|
Subject + Verb +
Adverb
|
-
I am in NEC.
aia ri NEC.
Iak ri NEC.
-
I walked yesterday.
jopk aia dEwEni.
Joppaka iak dewenni.
2)
|
Subject + Verb + Complement
|
-
He proves wrong
aiaro tauea tbuti sl.
Iyaro taue tabbuti sala.
-
The song sounds perfectly.
mpcE riaKliG ealoeG.
Mapace riangkalinga elonge.
3)
|
Subject + Verb + Object
|
-
The cat’s mother leaves her
children.
aidon emaoeG newlaiki ann.
Indona meonge nawelaiki anana.
-
The boss believed the
employers.
Pogwea ntEpEri pjmn.
Ponggawae natepperi pajjamana.
4)
|
Subject +
Verb + Object + Adverb.
|
-
Tara kept the water in her bag.
tr mtro auwea rinu ri tsEn.
Tara mattaro uwae rinung ri tasena.
-
Fitra draws the motorcyle on canvas.
pitEr mgbr motoro ri rERieG.
Fitra maggambara motoro ri renringe.
5)
|
Subject +
Verb + Object +
Complement.
|
-
The dog made me shocked.
asuearo tiwik tkini.
Asuero tiwika takkini
-
She sees her brother lazy.
aiaro mkuRaiea naitai aRin mklsi.
Iaro makkunraie naitai anrina makalasi.
6)
|
Subject +
Verb + Object +
Object.
|
-
Ifah gives me a doll.
aip nerk
dto-dto.
Ifah narek ka dato-dato.
-
I promised a cake to my
students.
ku jci an
guruku ebp.
Ku janci anak guruku beppa.
7)
|
Subject +
Verb.
|
-
They run.
lri mnEGi.
Lari manengi.
-
I agree.
situju k.
Situju ka.
b. Buginese
1)
|
Predicate + Subject.
|
-
mtiRoai enenku.
Matinnroi neneku.
My grandmother sleeps.
-
mgluGi amuerku.
Maggalungi amureku.
My ucle farms.
2)
|
Subject + Predicate.
|
-
aia an psikol.
Iak ana passikola.
I am a student.
-
dy pglu.
Daya paggalung.
Daya is farmer.
3)
|
Subject + Predicate + Object.
|
-
anku mtikE bel bolu.
Anaku mattikkeng bale bolu.
My son catches the fish.
-
sudi mprk aoto.
Sudi mapparaka oto.
Sudifixes the car.
4)
|
Predicate + Object +Subject.
|
-
mlai ebp bpku.
Malai beppa bapakku.
My father took the cake.
-
meRai auti guruku.
Manrei utti gurukku.
My teacher eats the banana.
5)
|
Predicate + Object + Subject + Adverb.
|
-
mtub auti aboku ri drEea.
Mattubbang utti amboku ri
dare’e.
My father hew the banana in the
garden.
-
minuGi kopi l bEdu riaolo bolea.
Minungi kopi la Beddu riolo
bolae.
Beddu drinks coffee in front of the house.
B.
The Differences between Sentence Structure in English and
Buginese
The diffrence of sentence structure in English and Buginese
that can be seen below.
1. Pattern
The first differences both the languages come from
the pattern. In English owns7 patterns while there are 5 patterns of
Buginese.Here are the patterns:
English
|
Buginese
|
1. Subject + Verb +
Adverb.
|
1. Predicate
+ Subject.
|
2. Subject + Verb + Complement.
|
2. Subject
+ Predicate.
|
3. Subject + Verb + Object
|
3. Subject + Predicate +
Object.
|
4. Subject +
Verb + Object + Adverb.
|
4. Predicate
+ Object +Subject.
|
5. Subject +
Verb + Object
+Complement.
|
5. Predicate
+ Object + Subject
+
Adverb.
|
6. Subject +
Verb + Object + Object.
|
|
7. Subject +
Verb.
|
2. Helping Predicate
Both the languages are distinguished by helping
predicate. Buginese does not possess any helping predicate but in English is
known as auxilary verb.
The
example:
Ø In English
·
La Timusu does
not drink a coffee.
·
The tree is cut by La Sallomo.
Ø In Buginese
·
ed nainu kopi l timusu.
Dek nainung kopi La Timusu.
·
Po kluku ntEb l slomo.
Pong kaluku natebbang La Sallomo.
3. Changing Predicate
The changing predicate only applies in English
setences which is based on the tenses. However, it does not occur in Buginese
because the predicate is not affected by the tenses.
The example
:
Ø In English
·
Mr. Amir buys
the book.
·
Mr. Amir bought the book yesterday.
Ø In Buginese
·
Pua joen mEli bo.
Puang Amir melli bo’.
·
Pua joen mEli bo dEwEni.
Puang Amir melli bo’ dewenni.
4.
Subject Verb Agreement
The next contrast comes from subject verb agreement. The sentence of English and Buginese gets the
different change in the form of singular and plural.
The
example:
Ø
In English :
·
Joni takes my book.
·
My parents take my book.
Ø
In Buginese :
·
joni mlai boku.
Joni malai bo’ku.
·
duaea to mtuaku mlai boku.
Duae to matoakku malai bo’ku.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
Conclusion
English owns 7 patterns while there are 5 patterns
of Buginese. Here are the patterns:
English
|
Buginese
|
1. Subject + Verb +
Adverb.
|
1. Predicate
+ Subject.
|
2. Subject + Verb + Complement.
|
2. Subject
+ Predicate.
|
3. Subject + Verb + Object
|
3. Subject + Predicate +
Object.
|
4. Subject +
Verb + Object + Adverb.
|
4. Predicate
+ Object +Subject.
|
5. Subject +
Verb + Object
+Complement.
|
5. Predicate
+ Object + Subject
+
Adverb.
|
6. Subject +
Verb + Object + Object.
|
|
7. Subject +
Verb.
|
English and Bugineseconsist of some supporting elements todetermine where the words are in
sentence structure.
The differences between sentence structure in English and Buginese
have four differences.
1. In the pattern of sentences, English has Subject + Perdicate + (Object)and Buginese
has Subject + Predicate + (Object)and
Predicate + (Object) + Subject.
2. The helping predicate of English is auxiliary verb
and Buginese does not have any helping verb.
3. In English sentence, the predicate always changes
because of the tenses and differs from Buginese sentense that does not change
anymore.
4.
The subject verb agreementof English will change
based on the singular or plural subject, while Buginese will not change.
B.
Suggestion
1.
The
researcher realizes that there are some weaknesses on
this paper so the readers or the students who want to study about sentence
structure of English and Buginese are suggested
to read some other references as the comparison of this because it requires a
special attention to improve the understanding about these sentence structures.
2.
The
researcher hopes that there will be more complete discussions
about sentence structure of English and Buginese to fulfill all
weaknesses on this paper.
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CURRICULUM
VITAE
When he was 19 years old,
he registered in State College of Islamic Studies of (STAIN) Watampone and took English study
program of Tarbiyah. He graduated as undergraduate degree in 2018.
He had practiced and
improved his English by joining some sources, as follows: New Generation Course
(NGC), Smart English Course, and Grace English Home. In 2014, he went to
Kampoeng Inggris Pare, Kediri regency of Java, and spent his time for 6 months
for improving his study. After going to Pare, he built a course and it is known
as New English Course (NEC) on Jln. Hos Cokroaminoto.
[1]Oxford: Learner’s Pocket
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[2]Agung
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